Writing
The Truth of the Calm Spirit
For more information on Kashima-shinden Jikishinkage-ryū in English, please see:
- M. Raugas, The Truth of the Calm Spirit: The practice of Shinkage-ryū Heihō as Taoist Internal Alchemy (opens in a new tab), Lulu 2025
This is a collected set of works that stem from martial arts essays centered around Shinkage-ryū, which were first hosted online at Inner Dharma (opens in a new tab) – that blog contains some of my personal training narrative as well as a small research project detailing kenjutsu in the mid 19th to early 20th century.
Primary sources
Classical manuscripts and archival documents, with archive and shelfmark where held.
“Jikishinkage-ryū Hisho Ichi (直心影流秘書一).” n.d. Suzuka-ke monjo (鈴鹿家文書), All Japan Kendo Federation (全日本剣道連盟蔵). institutional holding. The seven kata categories including sayanouchi.
Yamada Mitsunori. n.d. “Heihō Zakki (兵法雑記).” Tōkyō Naganuma Shōbee-ke (東京長沼正兵衛家蔵). family holding. Held by the Tōkyō Naganuma Shōbee house.
Takahashi Shigeharu. 1686. “Keiko Hōjō Jo narabini Riuta (稽古法定序幷理歌).” Tōkyō Naganuma Shōbee-ke (東京長沼正兵衛家蔵). family holding. Held by the Tōkyō Naganuma Shōbee house.
“Jikishinkage-ryū mokuroku (直心影流目録), Meiwa 5 (1768).” 1768. Waseda University, Kotenseki Sōgō Database. ケ05 01032 0001 · public scan; downloadable. Primary MS; the 1768 Meiwa-5 mokuroku of the same Waseda series. Yoshida Katsunori autograph addressed to Isaki Masaki, with verso transmission endorsements (Tenpō 14 / 1843).
“Jikishinkage-ryū mokuroku (直心影流兵法目録添状), Meiwa 5 (1768).” 1768. Waseda University, Kotenseki Sōgō Database. http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ke05/ke05_01032/ke05_01032_0002/. ケ05 01032 0002 · public scan; downloadable. Primary MS; the 1768 Meiwa-5 mokuroku of the same Waseda series. Yoshida Katsunori autograph addressed to Isaki Masaki, with verso transmission endorsements (Tenpō 14 / 1843).
“Ōga Ikken (大禾一件).” 1773. Tōkyō Naganuma Shōbee-ke (東京長沼正兵衛家蔵). family holding. Held by the Tōkyō Naganuma Shōbee house.
Kawasaki Tōnojō Yoshioi. 1789. “Sayanouchi Hidensho (鞘之内秘伝書).” Suzuka-ke monjo (鈴鹿家文書), All Japan Kendo Federation. institutional holding. The 54-form sayanouchi figure; license from Naganuma Tadasato, 1789.
“Jikishinkage-ryū Hōjō (直心影流法定) — Naganuma Tadasato; copied by Ogawa Yashichi.” 1800. Waseda University, Kotenseki Sōgō Database (早稲田大学古典籍総合データベース). ケ05 01032 0003 · public scan; downloadable. Primary MS; stable identifier. The 1800 Hōjō colophon (Naganuma Shōbee = Tadasato; copyist Ogawa Yashichi; Edo Mizaka). Part of the series ケ05 01032 0001/0002/0003 (the 1768 Meiwa-5 mokuroku; the 1768 leaf; the 1800 Hōjō).
Takeda-ryū gungaku zensho (武田流軍学全書). 1935. Takeda-ryū Gungaku Zensho Kankōkai
(武田流軍学全書刊行会).
Secondary scholarship
Modern scholarship, reference works and tabulations.
Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū — lineage
tabulations. n.d. Nihon Kobudō Kyōkai (日本古武道協会) entry;
Issei-kai (一誠会) "Rekidai Dōtōsha" (歴代道統者)
List. Source of the formal dōtō styles. Tradition-internal
house tabulations — corroborative of formal names, not
independent of the line.
Naganuma Kunisato (長沼国郷). n.d. Kōdansha, Nihon Jinmei Daijiten+Plus
(講談社『日本人名大辞典+Plus』), via Kotobank. Dates: 1688–1767.
Jikishinkage-ryū (直心影流). n.d. Heibonsha, Kaitei-shinpan Sekai Daihyakka Jiten
(平凡社『改訂新版 世界大百科事典』), entry
By Nakabayashi Shinji (中林信二), via Kotobank. The Naganuma family as hereditary Numata instructors.
Jikishinkage-ryū kenjutsu (直心影流剣術). n.d. Japanese Wikipedia. General lineage; the 称郷 terminus and the Kanō /
Wasato note — a pointer, not a source of record.
Tominaga Kengo. 1996. Kendō Gohyaku-nen Shi (剣道五百年史). Shimazu Shobō (島津書房). Tsunasato and the 正兵衛家.
Numata-shi Shi, Shiryō-hen 2: Kinsei (沼田市史
資料編2 近世). 1997. Numata City (沼田市). p. 967 — the approx. 3,000-student figure and Numata-han
context.
Nagao Susumu. 1999. “A Study on the Process of Change in Quality of the
Japanese-Swordplay in the Eighteenth Century : Mainly in
the Analysis of Gekken-Sodan.” Memoirs of Institute of Humanities, Meiji University 45 (March): 121–33.
Cited in: The Naganuma-ha Jikishinkage-ryū
Nakamura Tamio. 1999. “Bakumatsu Kantō kenjutsu ryūha denpa keitai no kenkyū
(2) (幕末関東剣術流派伝播形態の研究(2)).” Fukushima Daigaku Kyōiku Gakubu Ronshū: Shakai Kagaku
Bumon (福島大学教育学部論集 社会科学部門) 66: 65–72. The genealogy underlying Karukome’s two-house account.
Iwasa Masaru. 2005. Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū
(鹿島神伝直心影流). Budō Shinkōkai (武道振興会). Lineage chart, p. 18 — source of the 宗家長沼派 /
別家長沼派 labels.
Hall, David A. 2013. Encyclopedia of Japanese Martial Arts. Kodansha USA. Firmest English-language reference for the Hyakuren-kai,
Seitō-ha and modern Odani-ha lines (Namiki–Itō). Hall
is himself a practitioner in this line (studied under
Namiki and Itō), so on the line’s own succession claims
this is participant testimony, not independent
corroboration.
Karukome Katsutaka. 2013. “Jikishinkage-ryū no bunpa ni tsuite no ichikōsatsu
(直心影流の分派についての一考察).” Budōgaku Kenkyū (武道学研究) 46 (1). The Naganuma / Fujikawa / Odani branch taxonomy.
Karukome Katsutaka. 2013. “Jikishinkage-ryū ni kansuru kenkyū
(直心影流に関する研究).” PhD thesis, University of Tsukuba (筑波大学). Decisive source for the two-house split
(四郎左衛門家 / 正兵衛家): Tadasato as second
head of the 別家, the generational dates, the Edo Mizaka
locus and the sayanouchi material.
Karukome Katsutaka. 2015. “Jikishinkage-ryū no seiritsu to sono denkei oyobi denshō
ni kansuru ichikōsatsu
(直心影流の成立とその伝系及び伝承に関する一考察).” Budōgaku Kenkyū (武道学研究) 47 (3): 119–38. Formation and transmission lines.
Karukome Katsutaka. 2020. Jikishinkage-ryū no kenkyū (直心影流の研究). Kokusho Kankōkai (国書刊行会). Monograph build-out of the dissertation.